فریده اشرف گنجویی

Purpose: The cities of the world are becoming centers of innovation, and today the technological entrepreneurship ecosystem is very important. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigating the relationship of technological entrepreneurship ecosystem and crowd funding according to Isenberg's model. Methodology: In a descriptive-analytical study from type of correlation, 225 people from middle and senior managers and experts in the field of investment were selected as a sample based on Cochran's formula by simple random sampling method. The samples responded to the standard questionnaires of technological entrepreneurship ecosystem (Isenberg, 2011) and crowd funding (Shabanian, 2012), whose validity and reliability were confirmed. Data were analyzed with Pearson correlation coefficients and linear regression tests in SPSS24 software. Findings: The findings showed that all six components of the technological entrepreneurship ecosystem including policy, financing, culture, supports, human capital, and markets had a positive and significant correlation with all four components of crowd funding including the type, role, goals, and scope of crowd funding. Also, the components of technological entrepreneurship ecosystem could significantly explain 62.7% of crowd funding changes, which according to the beta value, the variables of policy, human capital, culture, markets, financing and supports had a direct and significant effect on crowd funding (P<0.001). Conclusion: The results indicated the relation and effective role of technological entrepreneurship ecosystem in crowd funding. Therefore, for the improvement of crowd funding can be provided the ground for the promotion of the technological entrepreneurship ecosystem.

Purpose: The status and position of women in the management system face numerous challenges and problems. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the objective of explaining the managerial position of women in sports assemblies at the national and international levels. Methodology: This study was applied in terms of its objective and mixed (qualitative and quantitative) in terms of its implementation method. The population in the qualitative part consisted of sports experts, professors, and high-ranking sports managers, from whom 16 individuals were selected as the sample through purposive sampling based on the principle of theoretical saturation. The population in the quantitative part included sports experts, athletes, professors, and high-ranking sports managers, from whom 141 individuals were selected as the sample through random sampling based on the Cochran's formula. The research tools were semi-structured interviews in the qualitative part and researcher-made questionnaires in the quantitative part, the psychometric indices of which were confirmed. Data were analyzed using coding methods and exploratory factor analysis. Findings: The findings from the qualitative part revealed that the managerial position of women in sports assemblies at the national and international levels encompasses 54 concepts in 27 subcategories and 10 categories, including identity formation in managerial spaces, division of labor capability, overcoming gendered spaces, effective control, program orientation, field management and leadership, social support for women's management, management practice, organizational efficiency, networks, and communication skills. Moreover, the quantitative findings indicated that all 27 observed variables had a positive standardized factor loading and a critical ratio greater than 1.96 with each of the 10 latent constructs, thus confirming their validity, and their reliability was calculated to be higher than 0.70 using Cronbach's alpha. In addition, the model of women's managerial position in sports assemblies at the national and international levels fitted well, having a direct and significant effect on all 10 constructs of identity formation in managerial spaces, division of labor capability, overcoming gendered spaces, effective control, program orientation, field management and leadership, social support for women's management, management practice, organizational efficiency, networks, and communication skills (P<0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results of this research, to improve the managerial position of women in sports assemblies at the national and international levels, it is possible to create conditions for the realization of the identified subcategories and categories.