درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Volunteers are valuable resources for sports organizations. Most of the sports organizations need to identify and employ the volunteers simultaneously in order to continue their activities. The present study made an effort to identify the requirements and functions of ambidextrous management of sports volunteers. Considering this aim, the meta-synthesis research method was used to carry out the study. More specifically, based on the process of the meta-synthesis research method, at the first stage, 312 papers were identified by searching the relevant databases. At the second phase, 55 papers were selected by screening the identified papers. Finally, the model of the study was developed by analyzing the selected papers. The model involved five ambidextrous requirement categories including the managerial, organizational, physical, strategic values, and motivational categories. Moreover, it comprised three ambidextrous function categories including empowering measures, opportunity-creating measures, and motivating measures categories. The sports managers can focus on the ambidextrous management requirements and the ambidextrous management functions including the empowering measures, opportunity-creating measures, and motivating measures in order to use the ambidextrous sports voltmeter management system and to exploit these human resources to achieve the goals of their organizations.

Background: Observational learning is an effective pedagogical approach that can be used as a method to improve motor skill acquisition and also a useful instrument to promote psychological variables such as self-efficacy by emphasizing the motivational aspect. Although, little research is known about the model type and the observation conditions which will optimize learning. Aim: This study aimed to clarify the effect of using a combination of ideal model-observation and self-observation on self-efficacy and learning the forehand service of table tennis. Materials and Methods: Forty females were assigned to one of four experimental groups. All groups received the same instructions concerning how to perform the task, filled out a self-efficacy questionnaire, and then performed 10 pre-test trials. The acquisition phase included six sessions. The retention test was done 72 hours after the last acquisition session. Mixed ANOVA with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc tests were conducted, and one-way ANOVA was used to determine group significant differences. Results: The results indicated that observing the combination of skilled and learning models led to the highest self-efficacy for learning, compare with other experimental models. Also, significant learning of the task was shown in the acquisition phase in which the performance of all three experimental groups was clearly superior to the control group. Although in this phase there was no significant difference between the performances of two groups of combined skilled-learning and skilled. The results of the delayed retention test indicated that the performance scores of the combined skilled-learning group were significantly higher than the other three groups. Also, in this phase, the difference between the combined skilled self-observation and control or skilled groups was not significant. Conclusion: Demonstrating a skilled model is the most popular type of observational learning among the instructors and physical education teachers, it is suggested that adding a learning model to that leads to better performance and enhancing the self-efficacy.

This review article elucidates the structure and critiques the effects of social loafing in the team sport of volleyball. Drawing upon existing theories, opinions, and research, this review addresses the conceptual framework and factors influencing individual and group behaviors in sports environments, particularly volleyball. These factors include team cohesion, leadership styles, communication, interdependent tasks, and individual motivation. An examination of the research methodologies and article formulations, as well as meta-analyses in academic databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, and PsycINFO, indicates that the predominant approach in studies on this phenomenon is deductive, with survey strategies employed through observational studies and interviews with players and coaches using questionnaires. The findings of this review, on one hand, present and analyze theories and models explaining social loafing behaviors in sports environments and teams, including the processes and dimensions of the emergence (and growth) of social loafing and its impact on individual aspects and team performance in volleyball. On the other hand, it highlights key points and related solutions for future research directions in volleyball, including strategies and interventions (by coaches and team leadership) aimed at reducing social loafing, enhancing cohesion, and improving group dynamics in volleyball teams, ultimately leading to improved team performance.

Fatigue is a common and debilitating symptom among older adults, significantly impacting their quality of life and functional capacity. The relationship between serotonin and fatigue in aging is complex, involving multiple neurobiological pathways that influence sleep, mood, cognitive function, and energy metabolism. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing effective management strategies. This review aims to elucidate the role of serotonin in the development of fatigue in elderly individuals and evaluate potential therapeutic strategies to mitigate this condition. A comprehensive review of recent literature was conducted, focusing on the neurobiological mechanisms linking serotonin to fatigue, the efficacy of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions, and future research directions. Studies were selected based on their relevance to serotonin’s role in aging and fatigue management. Serotonin plays a critical role in regulating various physiological and psychological functions that impact fatigue. Age-related declines in serotonin synthesis, receptor sensitivity, and transporter function contribute to increased fatigue through disrupted sleep, mood disorders, cognitive decline, and altered energy metabolism. Pharmacological treatments, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), have shown efficacy in alleviating fatigue related to depression and chronic pain. Non-pharmacological interventions, such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), exercise, sleep hygiene, and dietary modifications, are also effective in managing fatigue. Combining these approaches may offer the best outcomes for elderly patients. Addressing fatigue in older adults requires a multifaceted approach that integrates both pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies. Personalized treatment plans considering individual patient profiles and preferences can enhance therapeutic efficacy. Future research should focus on exploring novel therapeutic targets within the serotonergic system, developing personalized medicine approaches, and evaluating the long-term impact of combined therapies.

The present study brings forward a model of workplace health with an approach to staff’s physical activity improvement. this study was an applied and descriptive research that has been conducted with a mixed approach for data collection (qualitative and quantitative). The methodology is performed qualitatively on the basis of grounded theory of Glaser approach. The research participants in qualitative included 18 subjects selected through judgmental sampling method with snowball approach. In addition, the sample in quantitative section, 384 subjects were studied through convinience sampling based on  Krejcie and Morgan table. The analysis in the quantitative section is second-order confirmatory factor analysis. According to the results, components of workplace health comprising the physical environment with sub-components of preparing infrastructure along with strenuous company; the psycho-social environment with sub-components of education, culturalization, encouragement along with support; the health resources with the sub-components of evaluation, supervision and alignment of plans; and participation of the company which comprises management and planning.