درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

هدف این پژوهش تعیین نقش عوامل روان شناسی و جامعه شناسی بطور کلی و ابعاد سرمایه فرهنگی/اجتماعی و شناختی/فراشناختی به صورت جزیی در یادگیری زبان انگلیسی می باشد. بدین منظور، از 143 فراگیر زبان انگلیسی به عنوان زبان خارجی خواسته شد تا آزمون هوش، پرسشنامه فراشناختی، و مقیاس سرمایه فرهنگی و اجتماعی را تکمیل کنند. مدل یابی معادلات ساختاری برای تحلیل داده ها مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که عوامل روان شناسی و همچنین جامعه شناسی در پیشرفت زبان خارجه نقش دارند، اما سرمایه های فرهنگی و اجتماعی نقش موثرتری در یادگیری زبان انگلیسی دارند. در پایان، نتایج در زمینه یادگیری زبان انگلیسی مورد بحث قرار گرفتند و پیشنهاداتی ارائه شدند.

This study scrutinized the relationship between utilizing language learning strategies, academic fields, and reading ability in reading comprehension test performance of Iranian postgraduate EAP students. The participants were 947 students, who answered a reading comprehension test and a learning strategy questionnaire successively in one session. The gathered data were subjected to a set of parametric statistical analyses, including descriptive statistics, one-way analysis of variance, Tukey HSD and Duncan tests. The findings manifested significant differences among the participants in different fields in employing overall, direct, and indirect strategies. A statistically positive relationship was found between the participants’ reading ability and use of overall, cognitive, compensation, metacognitive, and affective strategies. The findings reflected that the actual ability of language learners was significantly influenced by some nonlinguistic factors, and the observed scores did not represent their true ability. The findings can provide an empirical evidence for Bachman’s (1990) as well as Bachman and Palmer's (1996, 2010) conceptual frameworks of language use due to the impact of nonlinguistic factors on language ability of L2 learners in test-taking process. The findings can help language teachers improve instructional reading programs, decrease error of measurement, and narrow the gap between more successful and less successful learners in different fields of study.

هدف این مطالعه بررسی تاثیر تفاوت های فردی بر توانایی های کاربردشناسی متغیر در فراگیران زبان انگلیسی می باشد. 48 فراگیرزبان انگلیسی ژاپنی از یک دانشگاه انگلیسی زبان در ژاپن در این تحقیق شرکت کردند. این فراگیران در یک آزمون کاربردشناسی شفاهی که توانایی آن ها را در مورد تولید دو عمل گفتارِ درخواست کردن و نظر دادن در دو موقعیت با تحمیل کم و زیاد می سنجید، شرکت کردند. سه عامل (مهارت کلی، گرایش به سمت مطالعات انگلیسی و مهارت دسترسی واژگانی) اندازه گیری شد و تاثیر آن بردو عامل تناسب و روانی کلام درعمل گفتار تولید شده سنجیده شد. نتایج نشان می دهد که عوامل فردی تاثیر بسزایی بر تغییرات کاربردشناسی می گذارد، اما این تاثیرات در دو عامل تناسب و روانی کلام متفاوت بود.

Most of the studies on the key word method of second/foreign language vocabulary learning have been based on the evidence from laboratory experiments and have primarily involved the use of English key words to learn the vocabularies of other languages. Furthermore, comparatively quite limited number of such studies is done in authentic classroom contexts. The present study inquired into the effect of using mnemonic key word method of vocabulary instruction on the learning and retention of vocabulary over long term in a normal EFL classroom context.Fifty5th grade primary school students were selected and randomly assigned into experimental and control groups. The experimental group received vocabulary instruction using mnemonic key word method and the control group received classic memorization based instruction of the same vocabulary items. The two groups took three posttests a day, two weeks, and a month after the last treatment session. A MANOVA analysis was run on the data and the results indicated that subjects in the key word group outperformed the memorization group at a significant level in both their learning and retention of the newly learnt vocabularies. The results of the study underscore the efficacy of the establishment of mental links and images for the vocabulary learning and retention of novice and beginning level EFL learners. It further implies that mnemonic devices like key word method should be given prompt attention by both EFL material developers and practitioners as a potentially effective strategy for vocabulary teaching, learning and long term retention at the early stages of second or foreign language development.

This study aimed at providing learners with an opportunity not only to bring together their core and disciplinary knowledge to acquire major skills of learning English as a foreign language (EFL), and the intellectual challenge of these issues at the interface of media, language and religion, but also help the materials generators to produce suitable types of content to be delivered through the medium of mobile technology. Therefore, it sought to examine the new way of teaching EFL in the form of correspondence with respect to Iranian learners' native culture and language. For the purposes of this study, English was the target language for 680 Iranian students with pre-intermediate level of language proficiency whose native languages were Persian, Arabic, Georgian, and Turkish. This study took as its point of departure the existence of important differences between the two learning materials (off the shelf vs. Islamic culture) types; thus, applying the Qur'ānic criteria of intelligence, knowledge and virtue parallel with the digital representation of common textbook materials, materials delivery was adapted to the cellphone screen to be accessed by learners' in 18 virtual sessions. Learners took part in two summative and 18 formative components included in the assessment design of this study. Also, they all answered a questionnaire which yielded information concerning their attitude towards the target language, and learning through the wireless technology. Learners' short texting correspondence as well as their performance in battery and their answers to items of questionnaires formed the reference for analyzing the results. The gains from English Islamic materials were outweighed by the effects of obtaining materials which involved more categorized cases.

The present study sought to investigate the evidence for cross-linguistic transfer in a partial English immersion and non-immersion educational setting. To this end, a total of 145 first, third and fifth graders in a partial English immersion program and 95 students from the same grade levels in a non-immersion program were chosen. Six different English and Persian tests were administered: the Cambridge English for Young Learners (YLE) Test for Reading, a Persian reading achievement test, the English and Persian Phonological Awareness Sound Detection tests and the English and Persian Rapid Automatized Naming Tests. Given the nature of the research question and the design of this study, linear regression analysis was run through Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings suggest that there is an apparent cross-linguistic transfer between English reading achievement and Persian cognitive predictors in both educational settings. Relatively speaking, Persian cognitive predictors can moderately predict English reading achievement in Grades 1 and 5 and can weakly predict English reading achievement in Grade 3.

حوزه ارتباطات سیار با تلفیق ویژگی های رایانه ها و تلفن های همراه عرصه را برای ارتباط سریع فراگیران با دست اندرکاران آموزش و پرورش فراهم ساخته است. هدف این پژوهش بررسی تأثیر ابعاد گوناگون تهیه و تدوین محتوای آموزشی در آموزش زبان انگلیسی به 123 نفر از فراگیران کم سواد ایرانی (70 نفر زن و 53 نفر فراگیر مرد) از بازه سنی 35 تا 55 سال از طریق فناوری های نوین ارتباطی بود. اعضای نمونه آماری در این مطالعه از میان فراگیران سازمان نهضت سوادآموزی واقع در پنج شهرستان استان اصفهان انتخاب شدند. با توجه به اهمیت نقش دستورالعمل در آموزش محتوا برای پردازش و یادگیری اطلاعات، این مطالعه سعی در بررسی تأثیر شیوه ارائه دستورالعمل به طور خاص (سبک رسمی و غیررسمی دستورالعمل) و کاربرد پیوست بر عمل کرد کم سوادان فارسی زبان در یادگیری واژگان زبان انگلیسی از طریق تلفن همراه دارد. در جهت نیل به این مقصود، در طی پنج هفته 36 واژه جدید زبان انگلیسی به سبک غیررسمی و رسمی از طریق تلفن همراه با کاربرد پیوست در اختیار سوادآموزان قرار گرفت. سوادآموزان در پایان، در آزمون جامعی متشکل از سه خرده آزمون چهارگزینه ای، یادآوری و نوشتاری شرکت نمودند. در مقایسه با روش های پیشین، نتایج پژوهش نشان داد ماهیت اختصار پیامک امکان استفاده از سبک غیررسمی برای پیشبرد آموزش زبان انگلیسی به شهروندان کم سواد را پدید می آورد. به علاوه کاربرد پیوست تصویری در تسهیل یادگیری و عمل کرد بهتر سوادآموزان فارسی زبان نقش عمده ای را ایفا می نماید.

شواهد بیانگر این می باشد که تغییر پذیری در ارزیابی نگارش دانشجویان فقط نتیجه تفاوت مهارت نوشتاری آنها نیست بلکه عوامل بیرونی خاصی در این امر دخیلند و عوامل مرتبط با مصحح، فعالییت، موقعییت یا تعامل هر یک از اینها میتوانند در تصمیم گیریها و استنباطها در مورد توانایی نگارش فراگیران تاثیر بگذارند. هدف این تحقیق این است که مساله تغییرپذیری را در داوری مصحح به عنوان منبع خطای سنجش در ارزیابی نگارش فراگیران زبان انگلیسی به عنوان زبان خارجه مورد بررسی قرار دهد. به این منظور مقالات 32 دانشجوی ایرانی زبان انگلیسی بوسیله شش مصحح ارزشیابی و نتایج با استفاده از مدل رش و برنامه فست مورد تحلیل قرار گرفتند. یافته ها نشان دادند که تفاوتهای معنی داری در میزان سختگیری مصحح ها وجود دارد و تعامل مصحح با فراگیر باعث ایجاد تورش در ارزشیابی میشود. از آنجایی که ارزیابی مهارت نوشتن امری ذهنی میباشد و بر اساس داوری مصحح می تواند متغیر باشد، بررسی و شناخت عواملی که باعث عینی تر شدن این ارزیابی میشود امری ضروری به شمارمی رود. ذهنی بودن روند ارزیابی مهارت نوشتن تهدیدی برای روایی آزمون است و سبب می شود که نمره فراگیر نشان دهنده مهارت واقعی وی نباشد. این تحقیق نشان می دهد چطور ارزیابی می تواند کارامد و سودمند باشد و چگونه می توان انصاف و صحت عملکرد ذهنی را سنجید.

Veryfew attempts have been made in the past to develop instruments to measure pragmatic knowledge of second language (L2) learners. The absence of such instruments in the literature of English language teaching (ELT) underscores the need for the researchers to develop new tests that are specifically designed to assess this crucial but less explored aspect of language learners’ (LLs) knowledge. In line with this objective, the present study was conducted to develop and validate four tests of pragmatic knowledge that measured LLs’ knowledge of speech acts. The following steps were taken in this study to develop the written discourse completion tests (WDCTs) and the multiple-choice discourse completion tests (MCDCTs) that respectively measured the test takers’ ability to produce and comprehend request speech act. During the “prototype step” the researchers identified the content and the number of items for each designated test battery. At the “test construction step” the sociolinguistic variables of power (P), social distance (D), and absolute rank of imposition (R) were inserted into the content of the test items. Finally, at the “validation step” the reliability of the tests was examined. The finding of the study showed that the constructed test batteries were sufficiently reliable and valid for measuring pragmatic knowledge of L2 learners.

Although Gardner and his associates’ work was most influential in the field of L2 motivation, from the early 1990s onwards, their work has been criticized for several reasons. Some researchers claimed that integrative and instrumental orientations were no longer able to convey the complexity of the L2 motivation construct. To examine this complexity, the present study attempted to investigate the discursive construction of four (two males and two females) Iranian EFL learners’ motivation at Shiraz University, Iran. Employing van Leeuwen’s (2008) legitimation construction framework, the study revealed that depending on their future selves, each participant employed certain discursive strategies unique to him/her to (de)legitimize his/her future self. Therefore, what was observed was the use of strategies which were idiosyncratic to that particular person, in that particular context, for a specific purpose, and for that particular moment. Additionally, given the unique political conditions of Iran in the world, it was found that integrative and instrumental orientations can be best replaced by ideal and ought-to selves in this context. The study has some implications. Motivation researchers need to broaden the unit of analysis beyond the individual learner to the interaction between the individual and the multitude of factors in diverse social settings.